Wiring Material

Sunday, November 16, 2014

MCS51 AT89S51 microcontroller architecture

Microcontroller architecture we need to know if we will use this MCS51 microcontroller in a control MCS51 microcontroller-based electronic devices. AT89S51 microcontroller MCS51 architecture actually almost similar to the other MCS51. MCS51 Microcontroller AT89S51 is MCS51 family of microcontrollers with 40 pins. In this article MCS51 AT89S51 microcontroller architecture can be seen, although not all.

AT89S51 microcontroller has several features, among others, as follows:

4 K bytes Flash PEROM

The frequency of 4 Hz - 24 MHz

128 x 8 bit Internal RAM

32 channels of I / O bi-directional

2 pieces of 16-bit timer

2 external interrupt and internal interrupt 3

A pair of serial communication ports

Here is a brief description of each leg functions contained in the microcontroller AT89S51.

GND (Ground) or grounding function as a negative supply or ground path.

VCC serves to route the positive power supply 5V DC to the microcontroller.

RST / Vpp is a microcontroller reset line with the transition low to high, Vpp is used as supply voltage when programming the microcontroller.

ALE / PROG, this foot is used to capture or to a low address latch (A0.. A7) to the external memory during normal operation. Receive a program pulse input during the programming of internal Flash PEROM.

PSEN Program Store Enable is the PSEN output is where the control signal or activate a program that allows an external memory (EPROM external) to the data bus during normal operation.

EA / Vpp (External Access Enable) is to direct the selection of program execution from external memory or internal memory and then starts a new external memory. Legs are also receive 12.75 V for Flash programming power supply PEROM.

XTAL1 is the input path to the amplifier oscillator on a microcontroller or external input source pulse from the microcontroller.

XTAL2 is the output path of the oscillator amplifier.

P0.1 - P0.7 is an output port / input (I / O) type bidirectional open-drain (without internal pullup). Port 0 can be configured as a bus address / data, the low (low byte) during the process of accessing the data memory and external programs.

P1.0 - P1.7 is I / O ports are equipped with two-way internal pullup. Port 1 also receives the address low during programming and verification of flash PEROM.

P2.0 - P2.7 is I / O ports equipped with two-way internal pullup. Port 2 is the high part of byte address (high byte) for taking instructions from external program memory and during programming and verification of flash PEROM.

P3.0 - P3.7 is I / O ports equipped with two-way internal pullup. Port 3 has alternative functions, including receiving the control signals along with the port 2 during programming and verification of flash PEROM.

Microcontroller AT89S51 has a data memory address space and a separate program. The separation of program memory and data memory allowing the data accessed by an 8-bit addresses, allowing you to quickly and easily stored and manipulated by an 8-bit CPU. Internal memory location 0000H to the program occupies 0FFFh, while for external memory location 1000H to occupy FFFFH. Data memory occupies a separate address space from Program Memory.

Saturday, November 15, 2014

2×5 W STEREO POWER AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT BASED ON BA5417

BA5417 Stereo Power Amplifier

BA5417 is a stereo amplifier IC with a lot of good features like thermal shut down, standby function, soft clipping, wide operating voltage range etc. The IC can deliver 5W per channel into 4 ohm loud speakers at 12V DC supply voltage. The BA5417 has excellent sound quality and low THD (total harmonic distortion) around 0.1% at F=1kHz; Pout=0.5W.

Description

Setup and working of this stereo power amplifier circuit is somewhat similar to the BA5406 based stereo amplifier circuit published previously. C10 and C11 are DC decoupling capacitors which block any DC level present in the input signals. C2 and C6 couples the amplifiers left and right power outputs to the corresponding loud speakers. C1 and C5 are bootstrap capacitors. Bootstrapping is a method in which a portion of the amplifiers is taken and applied to the input. The prime objective of bootstrapping is to improve the input impedance. Networks R1,C3 and R2,C7 are meant for improving the high frequency stability of the circuit. C4 is the power supply filter capacitor. S1 is the standby switch. C8 is a filter capacitor. R3 and R4 sets the gain of the left and right channels of the amplifier in conjunction with the 39K internal feedback resistors.

Circuit Diagram

Notes

Supply voltage range of BA5417 is from 6 to 15V DC.
The recommended supply voltage for this circuit is 12V DC.
The power supply must be well regulated and filtered.
BA5417 requires a heatsink.
The circuit can be assembled on a perf board without much degradation in performance.

Friday, November 14, 2014

METAL DETECTOR CIRCUIT

The device we then build will function as a metal detector that can scout out metal objects, such as coins, nails, keys such as car keys you may not be able to find, and even gold if youre looking for in a beach (though this one may not have industrial strength). This metal detector can detect certain kinds of metal- especially iron-containing metals, which are called ferrous metals, even if under a half-inch of drywall or sand.

How this metal detector works is that it uses an IC that generates an AC signal that goes through a coil. Metal objects are objects which conduct electricity, so a current can be induced in these metal objects. When the coil in the metal detector comes near a metal object, the electromagnetic field in the coil induces currents in the metal object. The electromagnetic field generated by the metal changes the current in the coil. When the signal changes, the IC turns on an LED i.e. alerting the user to the presence of a metal.

Circuit Diagram

Metal Detector Circuit

Parts Needed

TDA0161 Proximity Detector (IC1)
2 1KΩ Resistors (R1, R4)
10KΩ Potentiometer (R2)
330Ω Resistor (R3)
120Ω Resistor (R5)
2N3904 Transistor (Q1)
2 4.7nF ceramic capacitors (C1, C2)
680 picohenry bobbin-type Inductor
Battery Holder for 4 AA batteries (6V)
LED
SPST Switch

Explanation of Circuit

Inductor L1 : The inductor L1 forms a parallel circuit with the capacitor C1 to form an LC parallel circuit. When a signal that oscillates at several KHz passes through this circuit, the signal creates an electric field around the coil. When you bring the coil near a metallic object, that electric field induces an oscillating signal in the object. So when the oscillating signal has been induced in the metallic object, the signal in the object creates an electric field that induces current in the coil. This current changes the oscillating signal running through the LC parallel circuit.

TDA0161 Proximity Detector IC : This IC is a proximity detector. This IC suplies the oscillating signal that is sent through the LC parallel circuit. The IC also responds to any changes in the signal. The IC has an output of 1 milliamperes (mA) or less if the coil is far from a metallic object and an output of 0mA or higher if the coil is near a metallic object.

Thus, this IC is at the heart of this circuit. When the object is far from a metallic object, the current which the IC produces is insufficient to drive the LED. Thus, the LED does not turn on. When the coil is near a metallic object, the IC produces sufficient power to drive the LED and it turns on.

Resistor R1 and Potentiometer R2 : These resistors are used to calibrate the TDA0161 IC to the LC circuit. You calibrate it by adjusting the potentiometer to change the current output it creates in accordance with the proximity of metal to the coil. You can adjust so that it can detect metals at the distances which you want it to. By increasing the potentiometer resistance, the IC will create less current output. Therefore, a metal must be placed closer to the coil in order for the LED to light. By decreasing the potentiometer resistance, the IC produces less current output, so the metal doesnt have to be placed as close to the coil. Its up to you to set the adjustment.

2N3904 Transistor (Q1) : The 2N3904 transistor provides amplification, so that there is sufficient current to power the LED. Without this transistor, there would not be enough power to turn on the LED.

LED : The LED in the circuit serves as an indicator to when there is a presence of a metal. When a metal is in close proximity to our electronic circuitry, the LED turns on. This shows we have found metal. When the LED is off (not lit), then our metal detector has not detected metal and indicates no metal is in close proximity.

6 volts : The 6 volts is the supply power to the entire circuit. This 6 volts is supplied through 4 AA batteries in series. Being that each battery supplies 1.5 volts, 4 AA batteries (1.5V * 4) provides 6V. This 6 volts gives power to every component in the circuit.

SPST Switch : The SPST switch allows us to shut off power to the circuit, if we want the metal detector power shut off, just like any electronic device would have. This just serves asn an on/off switch.

This circuit detects metal through the coil, L1. Once metal is placed near the inductor L1, it will trigger current production from the proximity detector IC, which in turn lights the LED. So to test this circuit, just place a metallic object near this inductor. When done, the LED should turn on. When the metallic object is moved away, the LED should shut off.

Thursday, November 13, 2014

Borg Warner Truck Wiring Diagram

The following truck wiring diagram is originally scanned from 1965 Chilton’s manual. Should you have an all original truck with overdrive, this diagram should be usable. This manual contains a diagram for wiring a split control setup for your T-85N transmission. This can be used for one you’ve bought outright and have no original circuit for, or modifying the one you already have. The DPDT relay is Double Pole Double Throw relay.

Find more detail information about Borg Warner Truck Wiring Diagram in the following article. (source: hydratech.com)

Pulse Generator And Signal Tracer

Dual-purpose test-instrument, Very simple circuitry, 1.5V Battery-operated

This simple circuit generates narrow pulses at about 700-800Hz frequency. The pulses, containing harmonics up to the MHz region, can be injected into audio or radio-frequency stages of amplifiers, receivers and the like for testing purposes. A high-pitched tone can be heard from the speaker of the device under test when all is working properly. The clip must be connected to the ground of the device under test, touching with the probe the different stages of the circuit, starting from the last stage and going up towards the first. When the tone is no longer heard, the defective stage has been found.

Connecting an earclip or headphone to J1, the circuit will automatically change into a two-stage amplifier and any audio signal coming from the device under test and picked-up by the probe will be heard through the headphones. The testing of a circuit should be made in the reverse manner, i.e. starting from the first stage and going down until the last stage. When nothing is heard, the defective stage has been found.

Circuit diagram:

Pulse Generator And Signal Tracer Circuit Diagram

Parts:
R1________________1M 1/4W Resistor
R2,R4_____________2K7 1/4W Resistors
R3________________150K 1/4W Resistor
C1________________2n2 630V Ceramic or Polyester Capacitor (See Notes)
C2,C3_____________4n7 63V Ceramic or Polyester Capacitors
D1_______________1N4148 75V 150mA Diode
Q1_______________BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q2_______________BC557 45V 100mA PNP Transistor
SW1______________SPST miniature Slider Switch (See Notes)
J1_______________Stereo switched 3mm. Jack socket (See Notes)
Probe____________Metal Probe 3 to 5 cm. long
Clip______________Miniature Crocodile Clip
B1_______________1.5V Battery (AA or AAA cell etc.)Circuit operation:Q1 & Q2 form a complementary astable multivibrator, whose operating frequency is set mainly by R3, C2 & C3 values. Output pulses are taken at Q2 Collector and applied to the probe by means of decoupling capacitor C1. D1 provides a symmetrical shape for the output waveform. If an earclip or headphone jack is plugged into J1, the connection from Q2 Collector and C1 - C2 is broken by the switch incorporated into J1: in this case the circuit becomes a two-stage amplifier.Notes:

If you intend to use the circuit to test valve operated devices C1 must be a 630V type. Working with low voltage supply transistor devices the voltage of C1 can be lowered to 63 or 100V.
If instead of a short probe, you intend to connect the circuit to the device under test by means of a piece of wire longer than a few centimeters, a small ceramic capacitor (470 to 1000pF) should be added in parallel to D1 to prevent unwanted RF oscillation.
Current drawing when in Pulse-Generator mode is about 60µA and 1.2mA when in Signal-Tracer mode operation. Therefore SW1 can be omitted, provided that the earclip or headphones are unplugged when the circuit is unused.
J1 is a stereo switched jack socket wired to obtain a series connection of the two earpieces forming a stereo headphone. In this manner the circuit is loaded with a higher impedance and sensitivity will be improved.
Therefore, the higher the load impedance the more sensitive the Signal-Tracer. In any case, common 32 Ohm impedance mini-headphones suitable for walkman sets will work fine.
A crystal (high impedance) earpiece is a good solution, provided you substitute J1 with a mono switched jack socket.
The entire circuit can be easily fitted into a pen-like enclosure, with the probe protruding like a nib

Cross Linking With Two Patch Cables

In networks, the supremacy of coax cable is a thing of the past. Nowadays, Ethernet connections are made using UTP cables. The BNC plug has yielded to the 8-way RJ45 plug. Previously, coax cables were daisy-chained from computer to computer and terminated at the two ends using 50-_ resistors, but modern networks use central ‘socket boxes’ (switches and/or hubs) to interconnect everything. The connections between the hubs and the computers are made using patch cables having the same sequence of leads in the RJ45 connectors at each end. For making a direct connection between two computers without using a hub or switch, a ‘crossover cable’ is used. Cross-Linking

Such a cable has the leads cross-linked in order to allow the two computers to directly communicate with each other. If there are problems with the network, it can be handy to be able to directly interconnect twocomputers, or directly connect a computer to a cable or ADSL modem without using a hub or switch. A long crossover cable is not always available, and shoving around computers is not an attractive alternative. Consequently, we can use a dual RJ45 wall outlet box to construct an adapter, which can be used to interconnect the two patch cables coming from the equipment in question. This outlet box must be wired to create a cross-linked connection. This is done by making the following internal connections:

1 → 3
2 → 6
3 → 1
4 → 4
5 → 5
6 → 2
7 → 7
8 → 8

Isobaric 4th order Bandpass Subwoofer Box Design

The fact that we need a subwoofer means that something is missing in the performance of the main speakers. This is not surprising, since the speakers unfortunately have to coexist with families, women and companions, leading to the inevitable Compact, stand-mounted speaker. Modern, compact speakers are excellent performances, but there is no further away from the laws of physics, small box = bad bass. So, modern speakers designed for a response in the low-limit?

User isobaric subwoofer on the Altec Lansing FX4021 and FX5051

4th isobaric subwoofer box design

The subwoofer is a bit of a word misnomer. It includes sub-audio course can not hear you. We mean really low sound. This does not mean we can not "collect" the sub-audio frequencies. The body can not perform under the form of audio-frequency vibrations and can strengthen the reality of the listening experience. There is usually little more low audio below 20Hz in most of the music.

The only (not electronic), an instrument can produce something in this Church is the body 16.67Hz. Even if this body is equipped with the solid pipe is usually filled with something to prevent the building collapsing around!

For practical reasons we can arrange to 20Hz as the lowest audio frequency that we want to reproduce, may be less than that, the boxes are often quite large. OK. So who determines the lowest frequency we want the subwoofer to handle, but what about the highest frequency?
It is easy to match the response of the existing speakers.

In my case, my speakers are-3dB at 47Hz. That is a lot better than most small speakers, 70-80Hz at-3dB is fairly typical. Ideally the subwoofer to be on the same-3dB frequency. It is easy acheivable a low-pass electronic filter. These can easily be made adjustable to fit almost all existing stakeholders.

Why only one subwoofer, we have two for stereo? The answer to this depends on how the human ear perceives direction. The brains very carefully compares the phase of sounds in the left ear or right and take a decision on this basis.

At high frequencies, the distance between the ears is an important part of the wavelength and the phase difference is large. Because the frequency is reduced, the distance between the ears small compared to the wavelength.

The phase difference is reduced making it difficult for the brains towards the sound calculates. It is not by any means the whole story, the ears also use the level difference and the slight head movements to better determine the direction. Below 200Hz, the human auditory system is almost fully able to determine direction, so it does not matter if the bass is in stereo, mono or even in the room where it originated.

Thus, a subwoofer is all you need. It is normal that the sum of the left and right channels within the subwoofer, so no information is lost. Joint Stereo is often used in the MP3 coding scheme. The low frequencies are encoded in mono, stereo at higher frequencies.

I have several cheap 180 mm / 6.5 "drives and carefully measured their parameters. This step is crucial in this kind of design that even small errors affect the frequency response drastically.

I used my speaker WinISD and added to the database to track the response and the size of the box to calculate. Compromises are necessary in this kind of design. You can find a good performance and a very narrow bandwidth or poor performance and a wider bandwidth. What is acheivable entirely dependent on the properties of the drive. I was fortunate in that my 3 pounds produced a pilot-3dB bandwidth of 29-76Hz. I can not change, but I could filter out the high-end to match my existing speakers.

I decided to use a configuration with two drive Isobaric back to back. This has the advantage of reducing by half the required volume of the two halves of the bandpass enclosure.

One effect of the tax Isobaric half volumes needed in contrast to cases where a driver was used. Another is that the port setting remains the same, but half of the volume, equivalent to a doubling of the port.

Note in the above table, the port is 401mm long. There is no place for him in the cavity 11 liter before with a little thought Latteral was necessary for the host. Some ideas are not at this point if the port can not be physically made to adapt. In this example, I solved this problem with the design.Subwoofer Box Spec: