Wiring Material

Circuit : Andy Collinson
Email: anc@mitedu.freeserve.co.uk

Description
This circuit is a simple form of the commercial UPS, the circuit provides a constant regulated 5 Volt output and an unregulated 12 Volt supply. In the event of electrical supply line failure the battery takes over, with no spikes on the regulated supply.



Notes:
This circuit can be adapted for other regulated and unregulated voltages by using different regulators and batteries. For a 15 Volt regulated supply use two 12 Volt batteries in series and a 7815 regulator. There is a lot of flexibility in this circuit.
TR1 has a primary matched to the local electrical supply which is 240 Volts in the UK. The secondary winding should be rated at least 12 Volts at 2 amp, but can be higher, for example 15 Volts. FS1 is a slow blow type and protects against short circuits on the output, or indeed a faulty cell in a rechargeable battery. LED 1 will light ONLY when the electricity supply is present, with a power failure the LED will go out and output voltage is maintained by the battery. The circuit below simulates a working circuit with mains power applied:


Between terminals VP1 and VP3 the nominal unregulated supply is available and a 5 Volt regulated supply between VP1 and VP2. Resistor R1 and D1 are the charging path for battery B1. D1 and D3 prevent LED1 being illuminated under power fail conditions. The battery is designed to be trickle charged, charging current defined as :-



D2 must be included in the circuit, without D2 the battery would charge from the full supply voltage without current limit, which would cause damage and overheating of some rechargeable batteries. An electrical power outage is simulated below:



Note that in all cases the 5 Volt regulated supply is maintained constantly, whilst the unregulated supply will vary a few volts.

Standby Capacity
The ability to maintain the regulated supply with no electrical supply depends on the load taken from the UPS and also the Ampere hour capacity of the battery. If you were using a 7A/h 12 Volt battery and load from the 5 Volt regulator was 0.5 Amp (and no load from the unregulated supply) then the regulated supply would be maintained for around 14 hours. Greater A/h capacity batteries would provide a longer standby time, and vice versa. 

The schema has been designed for a person who loves to jog or walk while measuring the distance that have been covered during the activity.

• 4093 – a quad 2-input NAND with Schmitt trigger inputs integrated schema, generally characterized by small fluctuation in voltage supply, very high impedance, outputs that can sink and source, one output can drive up to 50 inputs, high speed gate propagation time, high frequency, and low power consumption.
• 4026 – a decade counter where the count advances as the clock input becomes high and has a maximum current of about 1 mA with a 4.5 V supply and 4 mA with a 9 V supply, which can light the appropriate segments of a common cathode 7-segment display.
• 4024 – a ripple counter with glitches that may occur in any logic state systems connected to its outputs due to the slight delay before the later counter outputs respond to a clock pulse; the count advances as the clock input becomes low on the falling edge as indicated by the bar over the clock label that is the usual behavior of the ripple counters which means a counter output can directly drive the clock input of the next counter in a chain.

The whole schema may be placed in a small box and be placed in pants’ pocket where the 7-segment digital display shows the most significant digit D2 in the leftmost portion where it shows the 0 to 9 Km digits. The dot in between is always ON to segregate KM form hm. The least significant digit D1 is displayed at the rightmost part where it illustrates hundreds of meters and the dot is illuminating after every 50 meters of walking. In every two steps, a beeper will signal each count of unit, although it is not included in this schema.

Circuit diagram :

Digital Counter with an Interval of Kilometers Circuit Diagram

A length of 78 centimeters is the calculated measure of a normal step which causes the LED to illuminate after 64 steps to signal a 50 meter distance. For a mercury switch, the illumination occurs every 32 steps. After 128 steps, the display will indicate 100 meters and so on. The SPST push button switch P2 is pressed only upon request in case of low battery consumption. Both push button switches P1 & P2 should be pressed together to reset the schema in order to prevent accidental reset of the counters. The schema should be considered as an approximation and not as a precision meter because it is very difficult to obtain the correct position of the mercury switch SW1 in the box where the degree of slope is being set.

The excessive bouncing of mercury switch is provided with certain degree of tolerance from the monostable multivibrator consisting of IC1A & IC1B. IC2 therefore is divided by 64 as a clean square pulse enters. The LED dot segment of D1 is driven by Q2 for every 32 pulses counted by IC2. At each monostable count, an audio frequency square is generated by IC1C for a short time. Using SW2 will disable the beep while the piezo sounder is driven by Q1. The power of beeper sound can be adjusted by trimming the value of R6. SW3 can be omitted when the display is disabled resulting to negligible current consumption.

The digital step counter schema is widely used by people as their motion monitor while walking or jogging and other most ideal exercise possible. Some designs may come with a digital clock and backlight for easy reading during running, and belt clips.

The next wiring schematic is the 1956 Nash Ambassador wiring diagram. This wiring diagram is so clear, it has clear and readable parts names, and clear wiring connections. Those two factors should making it easier for you to read and study them comprehensively.

Wiring Diagram of 1956 Nash Ambassador

The next wiring schematic is the 1957 Nash Ambassador wiring diagram. As you can see for yourself, this wiring diagram is very clear, every parts names are clear, also the connections are clear.

Wiring Diagram of 1957 Nash Ambassador